1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 22
 1.1 Antimicrobial additives and coatings market growing 22
 1.1.1 Advantages 22
 1.1.2 Properties 23
 1.1.3 Applications 23
 1.2 Antimicrobial and anti-viral coatings and surfaces 24
 1.2.1 Self-cleaning antimicrobial coatings and surfaces 24
 1.2.1.1 Bionic self-cleaning coatings 24
 1.2.1.2 Photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings 26
 1.2.1.3 Anti-fouling and easy-to-clean nanocoatings 28
 1.2.2 Anti-viral coatings and surfaces 29
 1.2.3 Nanomaterials applications 32
 1.2.4 Cleanliness of indoor and public areas driving demand for antimicrobials 33
 1.2.5 Application in healthcare environments 34
 1.2.5.1 COVID-19 and hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) 34
 1.2.5.2 Reusable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 34
 1.2.5.3 Facemask coatings 35
 1.2.5.4 Wipe on coatings 35
 1.2.5.5 Long-term mitigation of surface contamination with nanocoatings 35
 1.3 Main market players by antimicrobial technology area 36
 1.4 Global market size and opportunity to 2030 37
 1.4.1 End user markets for antimicrobial coatings 37
 1.4.2 Global forecast for antimicrobial coatings to 2030 38
 1.5 Market and technical challenges 41
 1.6 Market drivers and trends 42

2 TYPE OF ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS 47
 2.1 Metallic-based coatings 47
 2.2 Polymer-based coatings 48
 2.3 Mode of action 50
 2.4 Nanosilver or silver-ion antimicrobial coatings and additives 51
 2.4.1 Properties 51
 2.4.1.1 Antiviral properties of AgNPs 53
 2.4.2 Mode of action 54
 2.4.3 Environmental and safety considerations 56
 2.4.4 SWOT analysis 57
 2.4.5 Products and applications 57
 2.4.5.1 Silver nanocoatings 57
 2.4.5.2 Antimicrobial silver paints 58
 2.4.6 Markets 58
 2.4.6.1 Textiles 59
 2.4.6.2 Wound dressings and medical 59
 2.4.6.3 Consumer products 59
 2.4.6.4 Air filtration 60
 2.5 Copper antimicrobial coatings and additives 60
 2.5.1 Properties 60
 2.5.2 Mode of action 61
 2.5.3 SWOT analysis 62
 2.5.4 Application in antimicrobial coatings 63
 2.6 Zinc oxide coatings and additives 63
 2.6.1 Properties 63
 2.6.2 Mode of action 64
 2.6.3 Application in antimicrobial coatings 64
 2.7 Photocatalytic coatings (Titanium Dioxide) 66
 2.7.1 Development of photocatalytic coatings 67
 2.7.1.1 Market drivers and trends 68
 2.7.2 Mode of action 70
 2.7.3 Glass coatings 70
 2.7.4 Interior coatings 71
 2.7.5 Improving indoor air quality 72
 2.7.6 Application in antimicrobial coatings 73
 2.7.6.1 Self-Cleaning coatings-glass 74
 2.7.6.2 Self-cleaning coatings-building and construction surfaces 74
 2.7.6.3 Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) indoor air filters 76
 2.7.6.4 Water treatment 76
 2.7.6.5 Medical facilities 77
 2.7.6.6 Antimicrobial coating indoor light activation 77
 2.8 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 78
 2.8.1 Properties 78
 2.8.2 Mode of action 78
 2.9 Quaternary ammonium silane 81
 2.9.1 Mode of action 81
 2.9.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 81
 2.9.3 Companies 81
 2.10 Biobased antimicrobial coatings 82
 2.10.1 Chitosan 82
 2.10.1.1 Properties 82
 2.10.1.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 84
 2.10.2 Antimicrobial peptide (AMP) coatings 85
 2.10.2.1 Properties 85
 2.10.2.2 Mode of action 85
 2.10.2.3 Application in antimicrobial coatings 85
 2.10.3 Nanocellulose (Nanocrystalline, Nanofibrillated, and Bacterial Cellulose) 87
 2.10.3.1 Properties 87
 2.10.3.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 88
 2.10.4 Adaptive biomaterials 89
 2.10.4.1 Properties 89
 2.10.4.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 89
 2.11 Hydrogels 90
 2.11.1 Properties 90
 2.11.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 90
 2.12 Antibacterial liquid metals 92
 2.12.1 Properties 92
 2.13 Self-cleaning antimicrobial coatings 93
 2.13.1 Hydrophilic coatings 93
 2.13.2 Hydrophobic coatings 93
 2.13.2.1 Properties 94
 2.13.2.2 Application in facemasks 95
 2.14 Superhydrophobic coatings and surfaces 95
 2.14.1 Properties 95
 2.14.1.1 Antibacterial use 96
 2.15 Oleophobic and omniphobic coatings and surfaces 97
 2.15.1 SLIPS 98
 2.15.2 Covalent bonding 98
 2.15.3 Step-growth graft polymerization 99
 2.16 Other antimicrobial materials additives in coatings 100
 2.16.1 Graphene 100
 2.16.1.1 Properties 100
 2.16.1.2 Graphene oxide 102
 2.16.1.3 Anti-bacterial activity 102
 2.16.1.4 Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) 102
 2.16.1.5 Application in antimicrobial coatings 104
 2.16.2 Silicon dioxide/silica nanoparticles (Nano-SiO2) 104
 2.16.2.1 Properties 104
 2.16.2.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 105
 2.16.3 Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 106
 2.16.3.1 Properties 106
 2.16.3.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 106
 2.16.4 Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) 107
 2.16.4.1 Properties 107
 2.16.4.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 107
 2.16.5 Fullerenes 107
 2.16.5.1 Properties 107
 2.16.5.2 Application in antimicrobial coatings 108
 2.16.6 Cerium oxide nanoparticles 109
 2.16.6.1 Properties 109
 2.16.7 Iron oxide nanoparticles 110
 2.16.7.1 Properties 110
 2.16.8 Magnesium oxide nanoparticles 110
 2.16.8.1 Properties 110
 2.16.9 Piezoelectrics 111

3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND REGULATORY 112

4 MARKETS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS 114
 4.1 HOUSEHOLD AND INDOOR SURFACES 114
 4.1.1 Market drivers and trends 114
 4.1.2 Applications 114
 4.1.2.1 Self-cleaning and easy-to-clean 114
 4.1.2.2 Indoor pollutants and air quality 114
 4.1.3 Global market size 116
 4.2 MEDICAL & HEALTHCARE SETTINGS 118
 4.2.1 Market drivers and trends 118
 4.2.2 Applications 119
 4.2.2.1 Medical surfaces and Hospital Acquired Infections (HAI) 120
 4.2.2.2 Wound dressings 121
 4.2.2.3 Medical equipment and instruments 121
 4.2.2.4 Fabric supplies scrubs, linens, masks (medical textiles) 122
 4.2.2.5 Medical implants 122
 4.2.3 Global market size 124
 4.3 CLOTHING AND TEXTILES 126
 4.3.1 Market drivers and trends 126
 4.3.2 Applications 127
 4.3.2.1 Antimicrobial clothing 127
 4.3.3 Global market size 132
 4.4 FOOD & BEVERAGE PRODUCTION AND PACKAGING 134
 4.4.1 Market drivers and trends 134
 4.4.2 Applications 135
 4.4.2.1 Antimicrobial coatings in food processing equipment, conveyor belts and preparation surfaces 136
 4.4.2.2 Antimicrobial coatings and films in food packaging 137
 4.4.3 Global market size 138
 4.5 OTHER MARKETS 139
 4.5.1 Automotive and transportation interiors 139
 4.5.2 Water and air filtration 142

5 ANTIMICROBIAL COATINGS COMPANY PROFILES 144

6 RECENT RESEARCH IN ACADEMIA 291

7 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 292

8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 293

9 REFERENCES 294

TABLES
 Table 1. Summary for bionic self-cleaning nanocoatings. 24
 Table 2. Market summary for photocatalytic self-cleaning coatings. 26
 Table 3. Summary of anti-fouling and easy-to-clean coatings. 28
 Table 4. Anti-viral nanomaterials that inactivate different types of viruses, in preclinical assays in vitro. 31
 Table 5. Applications of nanomaterials used in Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings and Surfaces. 32
 Table 6. Main market players by antimicrobial technology area. 36
 Table 7. End user markets for antimicrobial coatings. 37
 Table 8. Total global revenues for antimicrobial coatings, 2019-2030, USD. 38
 Table 9. Total global revenues for antimicrobial coatings, 2019-2030, millions USD, conservative estimate, by coatings type. 40
 Table 10. Market and technical challenges for antimicrobial coatings. 41
 Table 11. Market drivers and trends in 42
 Table 12. Polymer-based coatings for antimicrobial coatings and surfaces. 48
 Table 13. Growth Modes of Bacteria and characteristics. 50
 Table 14. Antibacterial properties of AgNPs. 52
 Table 15. Antiviral properties of AgNPs. 54
 Table 16. SWOT analysis for application of nanosilver and silver-ion antimicrobial coatings. 57
 Table 17. Markets and applications for nanosilver-based Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings and Surfaces. 58
 Table 18. Antibacterial applications of Cu and CuO-based nanoparticles. 60
 Table 19. SWOT analysis for application of copper antimicrobial coatings. 62
 Table 20. Antibacterial effects of ZnO NPs in different bacterial species. 65
 Table 22. Photocatalytic coatings- principles, properties and applications. 66
 Table 23. Development of photocatalytic coatings, by generation. 67
 Table 26. Antibacterial applications of Au-based nanoparticles. 78
 Table 27. Companies developing antimicrobial Silane Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. 81
 Table 28. Mechanism of chitosan antimicrobial action. 83
 Table 29. Types of antibacterial AMP coatings. 86
 Table 30. AMP contact-killing surfaces. 86
 Table 31. Types of adaptive biomaterials in antimicrobial coatings. 89
 Table 32. Types of antibacterial hydrogels. 91
 Table 33. Contact angles of hydrophilic, super hydrophilic, hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. 94
 Table 34. Applications of oleophobic & omniphobic coatings. 99
 Table 35. Graphene properties relevant to application in coatings. 101
 Table 36. Bactericidal characters of graphene-based materials. 103
 Table 37. Markets and applications for antimicrobial and antiviral graphene coatings. 104
 Table 38. Types of carbon-based nanoparticles as antimicrobial agent, their mechanisms of action and characteristics. 108
 Table 39. Global antimicrobial technology regulations. 112
 Table 40: Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in household and indoor surface market. 114
 Table 41: Market for antimicrobial coatings in household and indoor surfaces to 2030, by revenues and types. 116
 Table 42: Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in medicine and healthcare. 118
 Table 43: Nanocoatings applied in the medical industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications. 120
 Table 44. Types of advanced antimicrobial medical device coatings. 122
 Table 45. Types of advanced coatings applied in medical implants. 123
 Table 46. Nanomaterials utilized in medical implants. 123
 Table 47. Market for antimicrobial coatings in medical and healthcare settings to 2030, by revenues and types. 125
 Table 48: Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in the textiles and apparel industry. 126
 Table 49. Applications in textiles, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 128
 Table 50. Advanced coatings applied in the textiles industry-type of coating, nanomaterials utilized, benefits and applications. 129
 Table 51. Market for antimicrobial coatings in clothing and textiles to 2030, by revenues and types. 133
 Table 52. Market drivers and trends for antimicrobial coatings in the packaging market. 135
 Table 53. Market for antimicrobial coatings in food and beverage production & packaging to 2030, by revenues and types. 138
 Table 54. Advanced coatings applied in the automotive industry. 140
 Table 55. Applications in air and water filters, by advanced materials type and benefits thereof. 142
 Table 56. Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings and Surfaces development in academia. 291

FIGURES
 Figure 1. Self-cleaning superhydrophobic coating schematic. 25
 Figure 2. Principle of superhydrophilicity. 27
 Figure 3. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement. 28
 Figure 4. Schematic of anti-viral coating using nano-actives for inactivation of any adhered virus on the surfaces. 31
 Figure 5. Face masks coated with antibacterial & antiviral nanocoating. 35
 Figure 6. Global revenues for antimicrobial coatings, 2019-2030, USD, conservative estimate. 39
 Figure 7. Total global revenues for Advanced Bactericidal & Viricidal Coatings, 2019-2030, millions USD, conservative estimate, by coatings type. 40
 Figure 8. Antibacterial mechanisms of metal and metallic oxide nanoparticles. 48
 Figure 9. Antiviral mechanism of silver nanoparticles. 53
 Figure 10. Antibacterial modes of action of, and bacterial resistance towards silver. 55
 Figure 11. Antibacterial activities of silver nanoparticles. 56
 Figure 12. Antibacterial modes of action of, and bacterial resistance towards copper. 62
 Figure 13. Schematic of antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs. 65
 Figure 14. Titanium dioxide-coated glass (left) and ordinary glass (right). 69
 Figure 15. Schematic of photocatalytic indoor air purification filter. 69
 Figure 16. Schematic indoor air filtration. 72
 Figure 17. Mechanism of photocatalysis on a surface treated with TiO2 nanoparticles. 73
 Figure 18. Schematic showing the self-cleaning phenomena on superhydrophilic surface. 74
 Figure 19. Schematic of photocatalytic air purifying pavement. 75
 Figure 20. Self-Cleaning mechanism utilizing photooxidation. 75
 Figure 21. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) air filter. 76
 Figure 22. Schematic of photocatalytic water purification. 77
 Figure 23. Antibacterial mechanisms and effects of functionalized gold nanoparticles. 80
 Figure 24. TEM images of Burkholderia seminalis treated with (a, c) buffer (control) and (b, d) 2.0 mg/mL chitosan; (A: additional layer; B: membrane damage). 83
 Figure 25. Antimicrobial peptides mode of action. 85
 Figure 26. Types of nanocellulose. 88
 Figure 27. Applications of antibacterial hydrogels 90
 Figure 28. (a) Water drops on a lotus leaf. 93
 Figure 29. A schematic of (a) water droplet on normal hydrophobic surface with contact angle greater than 90° and (b) water droplet on a superhydrophobic surface with a contact angle > 150°. 94
 Figure 30. Contact angle on superhydrophobic coated surface. 96
 Figure 31. Self-cleaning nanocellulose dishware. 97
 Figure 32. SLIPS repellent coatings. 98
 Figure 33. Omniphobic coatings. 100
 Figure 34. Antimicrobial activity of Graphene oxide (GO). 102
 Figure 35. Hydrophobic easy-to-clean coating. 106
 Figure 36. Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of carbon nanotubes. 107
 Figure 37. Fullerene schematic. 108
 Figure 38. Schematic representation of the antibacterial mechanism of cerium-based materials. 110
 Figure 39. Piezoelectric antimicrobial mechanism. 111
 Figure 40. Market for antimicrobial coatings in household and indoor surfaces to 2030, by revenues and types. 117
 Figure 41. Nano-coated self-cleaning touchscreen. 120
 Figure 42. Anti-bacertial sol-gel nanoparticle silver coating. 121
 Figure 43. Market for antimicrobial coatings in medical and healthcare settings to 2030, by revenues and types. 126
 Figure 44. Omniphobic-coated fabric. 127
 Figure 45. Market for antimicrobial coatings in clothing and textiles to 2030, by revenues and types. 134
 Figure 46. Steps during food processing and where contamination might occur from various sources. 137
 Figure 47. Oso fresh food packaging incorporating antimicrobial silver. 137
 Figure 48. Market for antimicrobial coatings in food and beverage production & packaging to 2030, by revenues and types. 139
 Figure 49. CuanSave film. 176
 Figure 50. Lab tests on DSP coatings. 182
 Figure 51. GermStopSQ mechanism of action. 185
 Figure 52. GrapheneCA anti-bacterial and anti-viral coating. 194
 Figure 53. NOx reduction with TioCem®. 201
 Figure 54. Microlyte® Matrix bandage for surgical wounds. 205
 Figure 55. Self-cleaning nanocoating applied to face masks. 208
 Figure 56. NanoSeptic surfaces. 239
 Figure 57. NascNanoTechnology personnel shown applying MEDICOAT to airport luggage carts. 244
 Figure 58. Heavy bacterial recovery from untreated fiber (left) versus Ultra-Fresh antimicrobial treated fiber (right) after testing using the ISO 20743 test method (Staphylococcus aureus test organism). 277
 Figure 59. V-CAT® photocatalyst mechanism. 283
 Figure 60. Applications of Titanystar. 288