Summary
Global Government Spending industry profile provides top-line qualitative and quantitative summary information including: sector size (value 2017-22, and forecast to 2027). The profile also contains descriptions of the leading players including key financial metrics and analysis of competitive pressures within the sector.
Key Highlights
- The government spending sector is the total amount of public sector expenditure at any sort of level, including central government, local government etc. It is split into the following segments: defense, education, social protection, healthcare, and other.
- The defense segment includes all military and civil defense spending, foreign military aid, research and development, and other defense related expenditure.
- The education segment includes all spending on pre-primary, primary, secondary, and tertiary education, as well as education not definable by level, subsidiary services, research and development, and other education related expenditure.
- The social protection segment includes all spending on sickness and disability, old age, survivors, family and children, unemployment, housing, social exclusion, research and development, and other social protection expenditure.
- The health segment includes all spending on medical products, appliances, and equipment, as well as outpatient, hospital, and public health services, research and development, and other health expenditure.
- The other segment includes spending on general public services, public order and safety, economic affairs, environmental protection, housing and community amenities, and recreation, culture and religion, and other government expenditure.
- All market data and forecasts are represented in nominal terms (i.e., without adjustment for inflation) and all currency conversions used in the creation of this report have been calculated using constant 2022 annual average exchange rates.
- The global government spending sector had a total expenditure of $27,724.7 billion in 2022, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.8% between 2017 and 2022.
- The social protection segment accounted for the sector's largest proportion in 2022, with a total expenditure of $6,994 billion, equivalent to 25.2% of the sector's overall value.
- The U.S. is the largest funder and implementer of global health programs worldwide, involving various government departments, agencies, and funding streams. It supports activities addressing global health challenges in approximately 70 countries through bilateral programs and multilateral engagement.
Scope
- Save time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the size, growth, major segments, and leading players in the global government spending sector
- Use the Five Forces analysis to determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of the global government spending sector
- Leading company profiles reveal details of key government spending sector players’ global operations and financial performance
- Add weight to presentations and pitches by understanding the future growth prospects of the global government spending sector with five year forecasts
Reasons to Buy
- What was the size of the global government spending sector by value in 2022?
- What will be the size of the global government spending sector in 2027?
- What factors are affecting the strength of competition in the global government spending sector?
- How has the sector performed over the last five years?
- What are the main segments that make up the global government spending sector?
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Table of Contents
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1.1. Market value
1.2. Market value forecast
1.3. Category segmentation
1.4. Geography segmentation
1.5. Competitive landscape
2 Introduction
2.1. What is this report about?
2.2. Who is the target reader?
2.3. How to use this report
2.4. Definitions
3 Global Government Spending
3.1. Market Overview
3.2. Market Data
3.3. Market Segmentation
3.4. Market outlook
3.5. Five forces analysis
4 Macroeconomic Indicators
4.1. Country data
5 Government Spending in Asia-Pacific
5.1. Market Overview
5.2. Market Data
5.3. Market Segmentation
5.4. Market outlook
5.5. Five forces analysis
6 Government Spending in Europe
6.1. Market Overview
6.2. Market Data
6.3. Market Segmentation
6.4. Market outlook
6.5. Five forces analysis
7 Macroeconomic Indicators
7.1. Country data
8 Government Spending in France
8.1. Market Overview
8.2. Market Data
8.3. Market Segmentation
8.4. Market outlook
8.5. Five forces analysis
9 Macroeconomic Indicators
9.1. Country data
10 Government Spending in Germany
10.1. Market Overview
10.2. Market Data
10.3. Market Segmentation
10.4. Market outlook
10.5. Five forces analysis
11 Macroeconomic Indicators
11.1. Country data
12 Government Spending in Australia
12.1. Market Overview
12.2. Market Data
12.3. Market Segmentation
12.4. Market outlook
12.5. Five forces analysis
13 Macroeconomic Indicators
13.1. Country data
14 Government Spending in Brazil
14.1. Market Overview
14.2. Market Data
14.3. Market Segmentation
14.4. Market outlook
14.5. Five forces analysis
15 Macroeconomic Indicators
15.1. Country data
16 Government Spending in Canada
16.1. Market Overview
16.2. Market Data
16.3. Market Segmentation
16.4. Market outlook
16.5. Five forces analysis
17 Macroeconomic Indicators
17.1. Country data
18 Government Spending in China
18.1. Market Overview
18.2. Market Data
18.3. Market Segmentation
18.4. Market outlook
18.5. Five forces analysis
19 Macroeconomic Indicators
19.1. Country data
20 Government Spending in India
20.1. Market Overview
20.2. Market Data
20.3. Market Segmentation
20.4. Market outlook
20.5. Five forces analysis
21 Macroeconomic Indicators
21.1. Country data
22 Government Spending in Indonesia
22.1. Market Overview
22.2. Market Data
22.3. Market Segmentation
22.4. Market outlook
22.5. Five forces analysis
23 Macroeconomic Indicators
23.1. Country data
24 Government Spending in Italy
24.1. Market Overview
24.2. Market Data
24.3. Market Segmentation
24.4. Market outlook
24.5. Five forces analysis
25 Macroeconomic Indicators
25.1. Country data
26 Government Spending in Japan
26.1. Market Overview
26.2. Market Data
26.3. Market Segmentation
26.4. Market outlook
26.5. Five forces analysis
27 Macroeconomic Indicators
27.1. Country data
28 Government Spending in Mexico
28.1. Market Overview
28.2. Market Data
28.3. Market Segmentation
28.4. Market outlook
28.5. Five forces analysis
29 Macroeconomic Indicators
29.1. Country data
30 Government Spending in The Netherlands
30.1. Market Overview
30.2. Market Data
30.3. Market Segmentation
30.4. Market outlook
30.5. Five forces analysis
31 Macroeconomic Indicators
31.1. Country data
32 Government Spending in North America
32.1. Market Overview
32.2. Market Data
32.3. Market Segmentation
32.4. Market outlook
32.5. Five forces analysis
33 Government Spending in Russia
33.1. Market Overview
33.2. Market Data
33.3. Market Segmentation
33.4. Market outlook
33.5. Five forces analysis
34 Macroeconomic Indicators
34.1. Country data
35 Government Spending in Scandinavia
35.1. Market Overview
35.2. Market Data
35.3. Market Segmentation
35.4. Market outlook
35.5. Five forces analysis
36 Government Spending in Singapore
36.1. Market Overview
36.2. Market Data
36.3. Market Segmentation
36.4. Market outlook
36.5. Five forces analysis
37 Macroeconomic Indicators
37.1. Country data
38 Government Spending in South Africa
38.1. Market Overview
38.2. Market Data
38.3. Market Segmentation
38.4. Market outlook
38.5. Five forces analysis
39 Macroeconomic Indicators
39.1. Country data
40 Government Spending in South Korea
40.1. Market Overview
40.2. Market Data
40.3. Market Segmentation
40.4. Market outlook
40.5. Five forces analysis
41 Macroeconomic Indicators
41.1. Country data
42 Government Spending in Spain
42.1. Market Overview
42.2. Market Data
42.3. Market Segmentation
42.4. Market outlook
42.5. Five forces analysis
43 Macroeconomic Indicators
43.1. Country data
44 Government Spending in Turkey
44.1. Market Overview
44.2. Market Data
44.3. Market Segmentation
44.4. Market outlook
44.5. Five forces analysis
45 Macroeconomic Indicators
45.1. Country data
46 Government Spending in The United Kingdom
46.1. Market Overview
46.2. Market Data
46.3. Market Segmentation
46.4. Market outlook
46.5. Five forces analysis
47 Macroeconomic Indicators
47.1. Country data
48 Government Spending in The United States
48.1. Market Overview
48.2. Market Data
48.3. Market Segmentation
48.4. Market outlook
48.5. Five forces analysis
49 Macroeconomic Indicators
49.1. Country data
50 Company Profiles
50.1. Lockheed Martin Corp
50.2. SNCF Group
50.3. Thales SA
50.4. Vinci SA
50.5. Veolia Environnement S.A.
50.6. Deutsche Bahn AG
50.7. Deutsche Telekom AG
50.8. Rheinmetall AG
50.9. HOCHTIEF AG
50.10. ASC Pty Ltd
50.11. BAE Systems Australia Ltd
50.12. Australian Rail Track Corporation Ltd
50.13. Decmil Group Ltd
50.14. MOVER Participacoes SA
50.15. Embraer SA
50.16. Companhia de Saneamento Basico do Estado de Sao Paulo
50.17. Valec Engineering, Construction and Railway SA
50.18. Honeywell International Inc.
50.19. Aviation Industry Corp of China Ltd
50.20. China National Petroleum Corporation
50.21. China State Construction Engineering Corp Ltd
50.22. China South Industries Group Corp
50.23. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd
50.24. Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd
50.25. Housing and Urban Development Corporation Ltd
50.26. Larsen & Toubro Limited
50.27. PT Astra International Tbk
50.28. PT PAL Indonesia
50.29. PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero) Tbk
50.30. PT Pertamina (Persero)
50.31. Webuild SpA
50.32. Astaris SpA
50.33. Gestore dei Servizi Energetici - GSE SpA
50.34. Leonardo S.p.A.
50.35. Kajima Corporation
50.36. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd.
50.37. Obayashi Corp
50.38. Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation
50.39. Grupo Carso SA de CV
50.40. Comision Federal de Electricidad
50.41. Comision Nacional del Agua
50.42. Royal BAM Group nv
50.43. Royal Volker Wessels Stevin NV
50.44. NV Nederlandse Spoorwegen
50.45. Airbus SE.
50.46. JD Irving Ltd
50.47. Extendicare Inc.
50.48. United Aircraft Corp
50.49. Almaz-Antey Concern
50.50. Rossiiskie Zheleznye Dorogi
50.51. OAO Gazprom
50.52. Skanska AB
50.53. Saab AB
50.54. Peab AB
50.55. Fortum Corporation
50.56. Singapore Technologies Engineering Ltd
50.57. Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co Ltd
50.58. SMRT Corp Ltd
50.59. Public Utilities Board
50.60. Aveng Ltd
50.61. Eskom Holdings SOC Limited
50.62. Paramount Group
50.63. Passenger Rail Agency of South Africa
50.64. GS Engineering & Construction Corp
50.65. Hanwha Corp
50.66. Samsung C&T Corp
50.67. Korea Aerospace Industries Ltd
50.68. Actividades de Construccion y Servicios SA
50.69. Ferrovial Construction
50.70. General Dynamics European Land Systems Group
50.71. Indra Sistemas, S.A.
50.72. Aselsan Elektronik Sanayi Ve Ticaret AS
50.73. ENKA Insaat ve Sanayi AS
50.74. Havelsan Hava Elektronik Sanayi Ve Ticaret AS
50.75. Elektrik Uretim AS
50.76. Balfour Beatty plc
50.77. BAE Systems Inc
50.78. Capita plc
50.79. Network Rail Limited
50.80. General Dynamics Corporation
50.81. McKesson Corporation
50.82. RTX Corporation
51 Appendix
51.1. Methodology
51.2. About MarketLine
List of Tables
Table 1: Global government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 2: Global government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 3: Global government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 4: Global government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 5: Global government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 6: Global size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 7: Global gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 8: Global gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 9: Global inflation, 2018-22
Table 10: Global consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 11: Global exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 12: Asia-Pacific government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 13: Asia-Pacific government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 14: Asia-Pacific government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 15: Asia-Pacific government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 16: Asia-Pacific government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 17: Europe government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 18: Europe government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 19: Europe government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 20: Europe government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 21: Europe government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 22: Europe size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 23: Europe gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 24: Europe gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 25: Europe inflation, 2018-22
Table 26: Europe consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 27: Europe exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 28: France government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 29: France government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 30: France government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 31: France government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 32: France government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 33: France size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 34: France gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 35: France gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 36: France inflation, 2018-22
Table 37: France consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 38: France exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 39: Germany government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 40: Germany government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 41: Germany government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 42: Germany government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 43: Germany government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 44: Germany size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 45: Germany gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 46: Germany gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 47: Germany inflation, 2018-22
Table 48: Germany consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 49: Germany exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 50: Australia government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 51: Australia government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 52: Australia government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 53: Australia government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 54: Australia government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 55: Australia size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 56: Australia gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 57: Australia gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 58: Australia inflation, 2018-22
Table 59: Australia consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 60: Australia exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 61: Brazil government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 62: Brazil government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 63: Brazil government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 64: Brazil government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 65: Brazil government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 66: Brazil size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 67: Brazil gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 68: Brazil gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 69: Brazil inflation, 2018-22
Table 70: Brazil consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 71: Brazil exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 72: Canada government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 73: Canada government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 74: Canada government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 75: Canada government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 76: Canada government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 77: Canada size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 78: Canada gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 79: Canada gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 80: Canada inflation, 2018-22
Table 81: Canada consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 82: Canada exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 83: China government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 84: China government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 85: China government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 86: China government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 87: China government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 88: China size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 89: China gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 90: China gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 91: China inflation, 2018-22
Table 92: China consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 93: China exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 94: India government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Table 95: India government spending sector category segmentation: % share, by value, 2017-2022
Table 96: India government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Table 97: India government spending sector geography segmentation: $ billion, 2022
Table 98: India government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Table 99: India size of population (million), 2018-22
Table 100: India gdp (constant 2005 prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 101: India gdp (current prices, $ billion), 2018-22
Table 102: India inflation, 2018-22
Table 103: India consumer price index (absolute), 2018-22
Table 104: India exchange rate, 2018-22
Table 105: Indonesia government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
List of Figures
Figure 1: Global government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 2: Global government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 3: Global government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 4: Global government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 5: Forces driving competition in the global government spending sector, 2022
Figure 6: Drivers of buyer power in the global government spending sector, 2022
Figure 7: Drivers of supplier power in the global government spending sector, 2022
Figure 8: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the global government spending sector, 2022
Figure 9: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the global government spending sector, 2022
Figure 10: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the global government spending sector, 2022
Figure 11: Asia-Pacific government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 12: Asia-Pacific government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 13: Asia-Pacific government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 14: Asia-Pacific government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 15: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 16: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 17: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 18: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 19: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 20: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in Asia-Pacific, 2022
Figure 21: Europe government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 22: Europe government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 23: Europe government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 24: Europe government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 25: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in Europe, 2022
Figure 26: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in Europe, 2022
Figure 27: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in Europe, 2022
Figure 28: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in Europe, 2022
Figure 29: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in Europe, 2022
Figure 30: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in Europe, 2022
Figure 31: France government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 32: France government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 33: France government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 34: France government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 35: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in France, 2022
Figure 36: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in France, 2022
Figure 37: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in France, 2022
Figure 38: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in France, 2022
Figure 39: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in France, 2022
Figure 40: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in France, 2022
Figure 41: Germany government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 42: Germany government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 43: Germany government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 44: Germany government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 45: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in Germany, 2022
Figure 46: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in Germany, 2022
Figure 47: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in Germany, 2022
Figure 48: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in Germany, 2022
Figure 49: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in Germany, 2022
Figure 50: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in Germany, 2022
Figure 51: Australia government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 52: Australia government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 53: Australia government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 54: Australia government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 55: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in Australia, 2022
Figure 56: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in Australia, 2022
Figure 57: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in Australia, 2022
Figure 58: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in Australia, 2022
Figure 59: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in Australia, 2022
Figure 60: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in Australia, 2022
Figure 61: Brazil government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 62: Brazil government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 63: Brazil government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 64: Brazil government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 65: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in Brazil, 2022
Figure 66: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in Brazil, 2022
Figure 67: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in Brazil, 2022
Figure 68: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in Brazil, 2022
Figure 69: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in Brazil, 2022
Figure 70: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in Brazil, 2022
Figure 71: Canada government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 72: Canada government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 73: Canada government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 74: Canada government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 75: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in Canada, 2022
Figure 76: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in Canada, 2022
Figure 77: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in Canada, 2022
Figure 78: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in Canada, 2022
Figure 79: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in Canada, 2022
Figure 80: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in Canada, 2022
Figure 81: China government spending sector value: $ billion, 2017-22
Figure 82: China government spending sector category segmentation: $ billion, 2017-2022
Figure 83: China government spending sector geography segmentation: % share, by value, 2022
Figure 84: China government spending sector value forecast: $ billion, 2022-27
Figure 85: Forces driving competition in the government spending sector in China, 2022
Figure 86: Drivers of buyer power in the government spending sector in China, 2022
Figure 87: Drivers of supplier power in the government spending sector in China, 2022
Figure 88: Factors influencing the likelihood of new entrants in the government spending sector in China, 2022
Figure 89: Factors influencing the threat of substitutes in the government spending sector in China, 2022
Figure 90: Drivers of degree of rivalry in the government spending sector in China, 2022
